China and USA on Media Censorship-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Think about the Media Censorship of China and USA. Answer: Presentation Oversight of web content happens in numerous shapes running from government hindering the scattering of political feeling to boycotting the obscene private site. As indicated by ONI information, Iran is positioned as the universes most noticeably awful nation in term of separating political, social and web devices. After Iran, China was positioned because of exacting principles identifying with social and web devices. On April 12, Chinese clients were cut off from worldwide sites, presumably because of a reconfiguration of the firewall. In 2014, China remained at number third from last spot for web control (Linder, 2016.). Then again, The U.S. has assurance of the right to speak freely of discourse and articulation contrary to administrative, state, and nearby government restriction. US give sufficient of opportunity as far as media. These fortresses grow to the Internet, however; the U.S. government has smothered sites. While contrasting the media control and China, USA has more fre edom and permits crowd to have a free access. According to the report distributed by Reporters without Border United States remains at 41st spot on the planet out of 180 nations in requirements to their Press Freedom Index from 2016; though Reporters without Borders has referenced China's press position as intense. They have appraised it most exceedingly awful on their five-point scale (Xu, Mao and Halderman, 2011). China and USA-Censorship of Internet Web restriction in China is extreme because of a wide blend of laws and regulatory guidelines. The Government has made More than sixty Internet guidelines which have been actualized by neighborhood offices of state-possessed ISPs, organizations. China Internet control strategy is viewed as more broad and more complex than in some other nation on the planet. The administrative experts in China square site content as well as watch the Internet access of people. Because of this the China web is alluded The Great Firewall of China. As revealed by the Amnesty International China has the biggest documentation number of detained columnists and digital dissident in the world(Guo and Feng, 2012). Web control in the USA is the regulation of thus distributed or vision on the Internet in the United States. Government has security of the right to speak freely of discourse and articulation against administrative, state, and neighborhood government restriction. Oversight is as yet alive and finely rehearsed in the United States. The Government should carry on shrewdly in term of giving opportunity of free web utilization. Western endeavors to sort out the Internet interim have increased Chinese arrangements after some time. Western governments, along with the United States, show venturing endeavors to blue pencil Internet indexed lists according to the straightforwardness report distributed by Google (Robbinson, 2017). China and USA-Censorship of News Media associations should meet the open intrigue. Every so often that is at likelihood with the partnership proprietors who oversee customary media voices. Media oversight helps to remember the administration approach to adjust or boycott the news. In USA, even the administration bodies are raising oversight issues by shielding little news from coming to people in general. In the ongoing time, the upheaval of resident news coverage and web stage has made a route for the news to contact individuals in an a lot simpler way. As of late The National Press Club has censured Donald Trumps banishing chosen news sources from a White House question and answer session. This is a genuine frequency of an unrivaled demonstration seriously troubling (Flew, 2007). The legislature in China is prohibiting the privileges of news house to banter data. They have full authority over the site and in the event that in any of the news channel not clinging to the direction are prohibited from further distribution. Chinas constitution has permitted residents to appreciate the right to speak freely of discourse and press, however the cloudiness of Chinese media guidelines grants specialists to breakdown on news by affirming introduction to state privileged insights (Xu, 2017). China and USA-Censorship of Art Control comes in numerous structures. By controlling the craftsmanship the administration attempts to limit specialists from communicating any extreme thought. All through 2016 in the start of 2017, the United States has seen complex instances of control of craftsmanship in broad daylight spaces and schools. The US government and nearby bodies has been controlling Murals on open dividers on approaches on the creations of plays and musicals. They have been focused because of numerous reasons because of their substance (Chadwick and Howard, 2010). Though in China, the oversight of Art is a major test and the unmistakable Chinese craftsmen are routinely blue-penciled and mandatory requested to conform to government limitations. Man-made intelligence Weiwei is one of the craftsmen who have been controlled, chided, captured, and ousted, because of his masterful profession. Their imaginative professions are for the most part been wrecked by an exuberant government. This has been without limiting discourse and free aesthetic appearance by the normal individual. Despite the fact that Globalization has hit the nation expanding chances of Capitalism and outside venture yet the specialists are as yet not allowed to make of their decision. As a matter of first importance the issue identified with the legislative issues is in effect for the most part controlled and mightily prohibited by the administration specialists (Wise, 2016). End To finish up, web is typically seen as the broadly utilized wellspring of trading data. In any case, the opportunity and majority rules system on Internet is for the most part interrogated concerning. Sex entertainment and detestation writing are normally used to allure Internet surfers fixation to produce benefits. By speaking to the privileges of the network and the authority of an express the web oversight has gotten viable. The legislature has the all out risk to blue pencil the web thusly as to shield residents from ruinous and counterfeit data. In the ongoing time the administration bodies are keeping a check over the conceivable putrefy of social and moral standards. By Internet control the legislature in both the nations are cautiously watching out for the opportunity of individuals. Controlling the Internet would influence the general population to impart. Proprietors of Internet ought to be familiar with of the likely all together and open that can be built up in this mediu m. Restriction isn't attractive in general in any nation because of its evil impacts on popular conclusion. Oversight ought not be cost at the opportunity of articulation of individuals in any nation. References Chadwick, A. also, Howard, P.N. eds., 2010.Routledge handbook of Internet governmental issues. Taylor Francis. Flew, T., 2007.New media: A presentation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Guo, S. also, Feng, G., 2012. Understanding help for Internet restriction in China: An elaboration of the hypothesis of contemplated action.Journal of Chinese Political Science,17(1), pp.33-52. Linder, A.2016. China positions dead rearward in web opportunity review for second consecutive year. Seen 18 August 2017, https://shanghaiist.com/2016/11/16/internet_freedom.php Robbinson, P L.2017. White House media boycott is unlawful restriction, America's National Press Club cautions, Viewed 18 August 2017, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/white-house-donald-trump-media-boycott profoundly upsetting cnn-new-york-times-national-press-club-a7599006.html Savvy, S.2016. 10 Crazy Ways China Censors The Internet, Viewed 18 August 2017, https://listverse.com/2016/02/13/10-insane ways-china-blue pencils the-web/ Xu, X., Mao, Z.M. also, Halderman, J.A., 2011, March. Web restriction in China: Where does the separating happen?. InInternational Conference on Passive and Active Network Measurement(pp. 133-142). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Xu, B.2017. Media Censorship in China, Viewed 18 August 2017, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/media-restriction china

The Other Washington Monument: Alice Roosevelt Longworth’s Contentious Career

Present day accounts of little girls of the American Presidents and their grasped lives have been exemplified by adolescent motion pictures, for example, Chasing Liberty and The First Daughter. These movies ordinarily recount the heroine’s mission for singularity, opportunity and love and as a rule end with their acknowledgment that their situation as the President’s little girl holds as much duty as the President himself. The biography of Alice Roosevelt Longworth, first little girl of Theodore Roosevelt, would have launch into a greater hit, on the off chance that it gets the opportunity to catch the show, charm and the discussions that feature her long existence of ninety six years.Amidst Turmoil and Catastrophe: A Picture of Determination and Character In February 12, 1884, Alice Lee Roosevelt was conceived in Manhattan to multi year old Alice Hathaway Lee and twenty four-year old, Republican individual from the New York state governing body, Theodore. Her deplorabl e birth appeared to be an indication of the fierce life this American socialite would lead later on. A couple of days after Alice’s birth, both Theodore’s spouse and mother died. The previous passed on of a kidney ailment and the last of typhoid fever.Perhaps subsequently, or of Theodore’s political desire to become chairman of New York City, Alice has never observed quite a bit of her dad while she was growing up, so she was raised by Theodore’s sister Anna, whom she called Aunty Bye. Anna was unmarried however agreeable and would fill in accounts of her genuine mother to Alice, as a remuneration for her aloof dad. Alice would likewise later remark that Aunty Bye was a critical and hopeful impact in her life (Beres, 1995).After three years under Aunty Bye’s care, Alice moved (in view of her stepmother’s offering) with Theodore and her new spouse, Edith Kermit Carow in Sagamore Hill, Long Island. She later turned into the oldest in a brood o f six, yet was accepted to have a removed relationship with her family. Despite the fact that Alice grew up without the consideration of a mother, she acquired the style and excellence which was generally venerated by people in general (Bingham, 1969). This happened regardless of her compression of polio in 1887, a contamination which nearly injured her.In reality, she would later be commended for a perfect stance, which came about because of her stepmother’s response to extend her legs consistently as a remedy for her viral illness (Beres, 1995) or, as per Cordery (1995), from wearing leg supports until she was matured thirteen. Teenager Life at the White House Despite losing in the mayoralty race in New York in 1886, Theodore Roosevelt’s political vocation got one of the most unmatched throughout the entire existence of the United States. He struggled defilement as he held situations in the US Civil Service Commission and the New York City Board of Police Commissione rs.He got probably the most youthful president at forty two in the wake of having been sworn into office on account of the death of then President William Mc Kinley in September 1901. Alice was seventeen years of age at that point and appeared to battle with her prominence to the media, as she obstructed when given the moniker â€Å"Princess Alice† by the columnists. She was additionally fortunate (or unfortunate, as she would later remark, that her festival was a â€Å"dowdy† course of action of her stepmother) to be the principal Presidential girl to have appeared under the Executive Manor, which by chance, was renamed the White House by Theodore Roosevelt.During these occasions, Alice’s disposition was normal for today’s rich, celebrated and wild young famous people. Alice additionally had a lot of the â€Å"Paparazzi moments†, defiant disposition and debates. She was a customary at the week by week distribution â€Å"Town Topics† at Wash ington, DC, the ancestor of E-buzz in the 1900’s. Her preferred shade of blue, alleged â€Å"Alice blue†, turned into a style prevailing fashion and she motivated and advanced melodies like â€Å"Where workmanship thou Alice† and â€Å"Alice Blue Gown†.She was broadly imitated and her picture spoke to an inappropriate sort of cool, as she seemed to be, as Beres (1995) states, â€Å"blunt, obstinate, outrageous, and profoundly flighty †¦ the smoking, drinking, dashing around in vehicles and wagering on horses†. This conduct carried negative exposure to her family. Maybe to crash this pattern, Alice was sent as an emissary of her dad to Cuba and Puerto Rico, and to Japan, China, Korea and the Philippines during the 1905 Russo-Japanese war settlement (Cordery, 1995).But it was her union with Nicholas Longworth in February 17, 1906 that ruined her frenzy, a lot to her father’s satisfaction. They went after their celebrated special night in Cuba and were joined by the sovereignty of Germany, France and England in their visit to Europe. Her Political Ascent and Demise Her distinction as a government official, or fairly, as a handmaid of the lawmakers, got famous after her marriage, as she upheld her Father’s and Nicholas’ crusades and turned into the middle and promulgator of social events.However, during the 1912 races, Theodore, who was then running for his third term at the Presidency, lost alongside Nicholas who was likewise neglected to win as Senator. With her assistance and backing, his better half recaptured position in 1914, while she contributed her time with issues concerning World War I, the League of Nations and the Ohio Republican Committee. With the loss of her dad in January 6, 1919, she kept on fortifying her region in the political field. She supported the dubious issue on ladies testimonial in 1920, as Beres (1995) thought, not on the grounds that she thought that it was significant, but since it was contentious.Two days after her 41st birthday, she brought forth her solitary little girl, Paulina, who was supposed to be her kid to Senator William E. Borah. In any case, Nicholas, who passed on in 1931 while he was Speaker of the House, was a dedicated dad to their lone kid. She declined when offered to run for her husband’s position yet continually graced the political field with nearness. During the hour of Hitler’s brutal rule, in opposition to her father’s unbelievable inclusion on numerous worldwide political concerns which earned him the Nobel Peace Prize, she spearheaded nonintervention for the US.Her clever however honest and bold, for the most part mean (Bingham, 1969) remarks, apropos alluded to as swordplay by Skow (1988), have earned her the notoriety of being a significant powerful political and chronicled character in her time. Truth be told, as per Keegan (2006), she would have made an appalling American Idol judge. She wrote Crowd ed Hours in 1933 when she was 49 and kept on prodding the two legislators and people in general in her vaporous segment My Day. She was additionally a steady pundit of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge and numerous different US presidents.Paulina, then again, who had a consistent intrigue for her mother’s love, submitted what was believed to be self destruction at her young age of thirty two. Alice dealt with her granddaughter Joanna who had unwavering steadfastness for her until Alice’s passing (Cordery, 1995). Despite what might be expected, Skow (1998) referenced that Alice lived alone for a mind-blowing rest. She was covered next to Paulina, when she kicked the bucket on February 20, 1980. References Beres, C. B. (1995). â€Å"Alice Roosevelt Longworth. † DISCovering U. S. History. Storm Research: [Electronic copy]. Recovered September 6. 2007. In â€Å"Alice Roosevelt Longworth.† Great Lives from History, Frank N. Magill. (Ed. ) America n Women Series, v. 3. Salem Press. Repeated in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. http://galenet. galegroup. com/servlet/HistRC/Bingham, J. (1969). Before the hues blur: Alice Roosevelt Longworth. [Electronic copy]. Recovered September 6, 2007. American Heritage Magazine, 20:2. http://www. americanheritage. com/articles/magazine/ah/1969/2/1969_2_42. shtml. Cordery, S. A. (1995). Alice Lee Roosevelt Longworth. Word reference of American Biography, Supplement 10: 1976-1980. Charles Scribner's Sons. Keegan, R. W. (2006).An American princess. Time Magazine. [Electronic copy]. Recovered September 6, 2007. www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1207827,00. html Longworth, Alice Roosevelt. (1933). Swarmed Hours: Reminiscences of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Charles Scribner's Sons. Longworth, Alice Roosevelt. (2007). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Recovered September 6, 2007, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9048900 Skow, J. (1988). Swordplay Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Time Magazine. [Electronic copy]. Recovered September 6, 2007. www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,967243,00. html

Every now and then, my mind = blown.

Every now and then, my mind = blown. Hello beautiful people. I know that one of my previous entries hinted at the idea of doodling a science-question post. I still plan on getting around to that. But in the midst of my magnet research, I stumbled upon (actually, not really. My professors for 20.363, Biomaterials Science and Engineering, assigned it as one our journal club readings.) an article that actually made me go like this:   (I actually look like that in real life) Guys. Science is really, really cool. Its amazing. Holy moly, Im still reeling from the geniusness of this group. Now I know you all are all: so I will take you there. I will take you to this magical science place. But before I do, a big disclaimer is that I have UBER simplified some genetics concepts in this explanation. I want my [granted, pretty sharp] 10-year-old brother to understand this, even if he doesnt know what an enzyme is. My apologies if I end up offending hardcore geneticists out there, or if I breezed over some of the background science too quickly. Trying to please everyone here. (Here. In case you want some light bedtime reading. :P)

Motives for European Expansion to America - 844 Words

Prior to 1490s, Europeans had already sailed down to west coast Africa and were having a long-established trade in African Slaves. Moreover, European expansion basis was the ambition for the trade and resources of Asia. They tried to expand further to Asia motivated by ambition for the trade and resources of Asia. Three centuries after Columbus’s discovery of America, various Europeans which are Spanish, Portuguese, French, English and Dutch were dominating Native American. They were occupying the Western Hemisphere and imported African slaves to work them in plantations. To understand more about Europeans motive expansion to America, we need to observe their political, cultural and economical aspect, particularly Spanish, English and†¦show more content†¦This caused further economic expansion and by 1600, the success of this mercantilism, merchant-oriented policies, helped to establish the foundation for overseas colonization. Thus, having a fine economic wealth, the English sent the merchant fleets to compete and challenge Spanish monopoly in the Western Hemisphere. This also helped the factor of growing nationalism among English people. Just like Spain at its prime, England had a strong morale and the pride for their country drove them to expand their empire. However many English noblemen suffered due to inflation because the Price Revolution hit England. As wealth and status of aristocracy declined, that of gentry and yeomen rose. The gentry, landholders, kept earning money by renting land at higher fee rates. Furthermore, Yeomen sold their wheat at higher prices. This caused peasants and landless farm laborers were affected. Moreover, countless peasants were dispossessed of their land because of to the Enclosure acts, which allowed owners to fence in open fields. Most peasants had no job, so many of them wanted to move to America to find a better place for their future generation. Another reason was cold weather that caused a series of crop failures affection a lot of yeomen families became really poor. This condition caused the society to be unsafe as manyShow MoreRelated Motives For European Expansion To America Essay860 Words   |  4 PagesPrior to 1490s, Europeans had already sailed down to west coast Africa and were having a lon g-established trade in African Slaves. Moreover, European expansion basis was the ambition for the trade and resources of Asia. They tried to expand further to Asia motivated by ambition for the trade and resources of Asia. Three centuries after Columbus’s discovery of America, various Europeans which are Spanish, Portuguese, French, English and Dutch were dominating Native American. They were occupying theRead MoreExpansion to the â€Å"New World† Essay734 Words   |  3 PagesExpansion to the new world was both a blessing and a curse to both Europeans and the natives of the new land. The first motive for exploring the new world to find a easier and faster way to trade with the Asian countries, but soon after two new continents were discovered it sprouted different motives from everyone. Even though everyone had their own ideas and dreams about the new world they were all ended up with a common goal, to find silver and gold and become very wealthy. Every country hear dRead MoreThe European Expansion Of Europe1286 Words   |  6 PagesFor many generations, it was taught that the expansion of Europe to the Americas, (also known as the European expansion), had a huge impact on all societies of the old world. The importance of this was taught to societies all across the world, and was indeed a necessary occurrence. Up until recently, the idea was never given any real thought for the majority of people as to how, over many generations in the family and throughout the passage of time, how they precisely got where they are currentlyRead MoreEuropean Colonization Of The New World1224 Words   |  5 PagesEuropean colonization of the New World began during the European age of exploration and following the discovery of resources in the New World. The various motives of the Spanish, British, and French imperialists were reflected in the political, economic, and social changes that occurred in the areas each government claimed. These changes are very dis tinctive and led to drastic changes in their respective areas. Spanish conquistadors sought gold and treasure from uncharted lands. Backed by the infantileRead MoreEffects Of European Expansion On America1407 Words   |  6 PagesKyle Young Ms. Hagler Western Civilization 3/08/16 The Effects of European Expansion For many generations, it was taught that the expansion of Europe to the Americas, (also known as the European expansion), had a huge impact on all societies of the old world. The importance of this was taught to societies all across the world, and was indeed a necessary occurrence. Up until recently, the idea was never given any real thought for the majority of people as to how, over many generations in the familyRead MoreNotes on Colonialism and Imperialism1489 Words   |  6 Pagesempire * Motives of imperialism * Modern imperialism * Refers to domination of industrialized countries over subject lands * Domination achieved through trade, investment, and business activities * Two types of modern colonialism * Colonies ruled and populated by migrants * Colonies controlled by imperial powers without significant settlement * Economic motives of imperialism * European merchants and entrepreneurs made personal fortunes * Overseas expansion for rawRead MoreJohn O Sullivan s Manifest Destiny938 Words   |  4 Pagesthe United States believed they had the right to take land from Native Americans of North America, and make it their own, all under the jurisdiction of God - and O’Sullivan put a name to this belief in 1839: Manifest destiny. Manifest Destiny resulted through misguided beliefs of predestination and white superiority, in which white men, despite opposition, forced their way to the west coast of America. Motives of religion, economic, race, and nationalism contributed to the justification of their ambitiousRead MoreConquest Of America Essay1078 Words   |  5 Pageseconomy. The Europeans, feeling inferior against the power and the wealth of Islamic world, saw the ocean as an alternative way to claim power. As Haring suggests ‘Ocean Sea became the medium of the worlds commercial activity which paved the way for the process of the Expansion of Europe. Thus the power shifted from the Mediterranean to the North Atlantic with the European move onto the ocean. During the 15th and the 16th centuries Europeans established colonies in the Americas and the SpanishRead MoreThe Colonization Of The New World1068 Words   |  5 Pagesof the New World, several European nations fought to acquire their share of America’s wealth. The Spanish, leaders in the exploration of the New World, were the first to colonize the Americas. In 1494, two years after Columbus’ expeditions, the Treaty of Tordesillas was ratified by the Pope. This treaty split the New World between Portugal and Spain. By the mid 1500s, Spain had gained control of much of western South America, Central America, and Southern North America. Portugal claimed lands inRead MoreManifest Destiny Research Paper :1382 Words   |  6 Pagessea, uninterrupted by anything or anyone. (History.com) However, complex and underlying motives guided Manifest Destiny advocates. Some believed that the nation had a divine order, serving as a bastion of Christianity and Democracy in a land of uncivilized Native Americans. Ideas of the Anglo-Saxon race being a superior race permeated as well. Others saw economic or national security concerns dictating expansion as a necessity. As if the varying motivations didn’t complicate the issue enough, Manifest

A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Where Are You Going,...

A Good Man Is Hard To Find and Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been While reading, A Good Man Is Hard To Find and Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been the readers find themselves lost in worlds of suspense, horror and comic relief through tone and symbolism. Although, the stories contain very different plots, they both have a sense of good vs. evil. In A Good Man Is Hard To Find, Grandmother is a deep religious character that gives the story a depth of interest. The reader gets the religious aspect of Grandmother through her actions such as her continually use of the word Jesus, the conversation with the Misfit, and in the name of her grandson, John Wesley. Although, Grandmother is devoted to her faith, she fears†¦show more content†¦The reader can feel the excitement that the children have about the house and the excitement that Connie has when she is with Eddie. When Grandmother is talking to the Misfit about his family and when Arnold talking to Connie about her family, how both, the Misfit and Connie, how they have but a wedge betwee n themselves and their families. The light heartedness of the stories comes from several places. In A Good Man Is Hard To Find, Grandmothers actions help the reader to see the comic side of her. She is insistent that she does not want to go to Florida, but she refuses to leave the cat. Therefore, she sneaks the cat into the car, like a child sneaking a cookie into his pocket. Ellie is the comic relief in Where Have You Been, Where Are You Going. Ellie is in control of the music and Arnold wants Connie to believe that Ellie is the bad guy. The good verse evil is the most compelling of these stories, Grandmother and her religion verses death and innocents verse the harmful world. Grandmothers religion did not stop death from coming nor did it help comfort her in while talking to the Misfit. Although Grandmother tried to get the Misfit to convert and change his ways, the Misfit knew that the minute Grandmother recognized him, he was going to have to kill them even though they were good people. Connie thought that while in her house, she could not be hurt. She was comforted by a false sense of security of the house. Arnold was like the wolf in sheepsShow MoreRelated Delivering Moral Messages in Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been and A Good Man is Hard to Find1516 Words   |  7 PagesMessages in Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been and A Good Man is Hard to Find School shootings, bombings, rape, and murder are words that are commonly seen in newspaper headlines and heard on the morning news. To most people these acts seem like senseless violence. However, writers like Joyce Carol Oates and Flannery O’Connor use these same violent images to deliver a powerful moral message. Their stories â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† and â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† are veryRead MoreCan The Path Of Evil Alter One s Life?1085 Words   |  5 PagesAlter One’s Life The two short stories â€Å"A Goodman Is Hard to Find† by Flannery O’Connor and â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† by Joyce Carol Oates both have characters that have their lives altered by evil. The shortcut taken by the family in â€Å"A Goodman Is Hard to Find†, while Connie leaving with Arnold Friend in â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† by Joyce Carol Oates. Although The Misfit, the Grandmother, Connie and Arnold Friend have different attitudes and take different approachesRead MoreFlannery OConnor And Shiloh Analysis1564 Words   |  7 Pagesbut not limited to: love, happiness, journeys, etc. Two short stories in particular, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† by Flannery O’Connor and â€Å"Shiloh† by Bobbie Ann Mason, share similar aspects pertaining to the dual themes of conflict within the families as well as journeys embarked upon by the main characters of the short stories that lead to the u ltimate demise of the families. â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† begins with a family conflict arising with relation to the destination of a family vacationRead MoreHow Do People Affect Us And How Much They Impact Us?894 Words   |  4 Pages When someone comes into your life and makes you feel special or important, and they start to change, and continue to hurt you, you start to realize that something has to change and it might be time to move on. It had been 8 months, my boyfriend and I had been together off and on. I had invested time, love and energy into this relationship. There have been hard times with him where I just wanted to give up on us but I couldn’t. He was constantly going out and I would be forced to stay in the houseRead MoreAn Analysis Of O Connor s A Good Man 941 Words   |  4 Pages6/03/2015: O’Connor’s short story â€Å" A Good Man Is Hard To Find† symbolizes a theme of religion which questions me to think how O’Connor was raised? In my intention of this story every character seems to play a key role of religion. As for the Misfit can be seen as Satan himself as he encounters the family and kills them all. Yet he does it so politely saying â€Å"he is not a good man†, and how he only shoots just 3 bullets into the Grandmother. This gives me a sense of how O’Connor is conveying a messageRead MoreMisfit And Arnold Friend Essay748 Words   |  3 PagesVs A rnold Friend In the two short stories â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† by Flannery OConnor and Where are You Going, Where Have You Been? by Joyce Carol Oates, there are many similarities in the characters ‘Misfit’ and Arnold Friend; although they aren’t clear at the beginning they become clearer after analyzing. For instance, they are both charming and know how to talk to their prey and get what they want. We see this in A Good Man is Hard to Find with the Misfit, he stays calm throughout andRead MoreThe Genre of Southern Gothic in A Good Man Is Hard to Find Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"When you cross the sweeping drama of romance with the macabre isolation of small town life-and then throw in a touch of Southern whimsy-you’ve cooked up a collection of American literature absolutely unique in time, place, and sentiment, Southern gothic.† Southern gothic comes from the genre of gothic fiction, and has some type of supernatural or unusual events i n it. It is characterized as having a grotesque quality yet still having enough good in it to keep readers interested. The short storyRead MoreEssay about Evaluation of Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller1571 Words   |  7 PagesConnecticut studio. The play took place in the great depression where a struggling business man tried to provide for his family. He has been working for years and is becoming very tired and crazy. He dies a sudden death in the end and he never completes the dream he wanted to as a salesman. As soon as the play starts you get a feel for what the play is going to be like. Its dreary a dark mood Willy’s dream of becoming a wealthy salesman have fallen. The house they once bought that had such a sparkRead More Saras Secret Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pagesdecision. Her dream of a fast paced life has been with her for as long as she could remember, and nothing could change her mind. Sara was brought up in a small town about 200 miles from the city. This was a town in which everyone was friends with everyone, and most of the doors where never locked. Looking at this town was like looking at a painting that would be hanging up in a museum somewhere. In fact, Saras house looked like, it too, would have its own painting. Nothing was ever out of placeRead MoreA Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor645 Words   |  3 PagesA Good Man â€Å"She would have been a good woman†¦if it had been somebody there to shoot her every minute of her life† (Gardner). Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† tells of Bailey, his wife, their three children and Bailey’s mother all heading to Florida for vacation. In this paper I will summarize the story, and discuss the irony of the story and the morality and religion in the story. The family, Bailey, his wife, three children and his mother, are set to go on vacation to Florida

Types of Organization Free Essays

string(155) " performance of their company and of its various units, assess the opportunities and threats, and develop strategic directions for the company’s future\." LESSON 2: ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS An introductory topic on Management Information System Organizations are formal social units devoted to the attainment of specific goals. The success of any organizations is premise on the efficient use and management of resources which traditionally comprises human, financial, and material resources. Information is now recognized as a crucial resource of an organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now Examples of organizations are business firms, banks, government agencies, hospitals, educational institutions, insurance companies, airlines, and utilities. Organizations and information systems have a mutual influence on each other. The information needs of an organization affect the design of information systems and an organization must be open itself to the influences of information systems in order to more fully benefit from new technologies. [pic] This complex two-way relationship is mediated by many factors, not the least of which are the decisions made—or not made—by managers. Other factors mediating the relationship are the organizational culture, bureaucracy, politics, business fashion, and pure chance. 1. Organizations and environments Organizations reside in environments from which they draw resources and to which they supply goods and services. Organizations and environments have a reciprocal relationship. †¢ Organizations are open to, and dependent on, the social and physical environment that surrounds them. Without financial and human resources—people willing to work reliably and consistently for a set wage or revenue from customers—organizations could not exist. †¢ Organizations must respond to legislative and other requirements imposed by government, as well as the actions of customers and competitors. On the other hand, organizations can influence their environments. Organizations form alliances with others to influence the political process; they advertise to influence customer acceptance of their products. Information systems are key instruments for environmental scanning, helping managers identify external changes that might require an organizational response. New technologies, new products, and changing public tastes and values (many of which result in new government regulations) put strains on any organization’s culture, politics, and people. | 2. Standard operating procedures (SOPs) Precise rules, procedures, and practices developed by organizations to cope with virtually all expected situations. These standard operating procedures have a great de al to do with the efficiency that modern organizations attain. 3. Organizational Politics People in organizations occupy different positions with different specialties, concerns, and perspectives. As a result, they naturally have divergent viewpoints about how resources, rewards, and punishments should be distributed. These differences matter to both managers and employees, and they result in political struggle, competition, and conflict within every organization. Political resistance is one of the great difficulties of bringing about organizational change—especially the development of new information systems. Virtually all information systems that bring about significant changes in goals, procedures, productivity, and personnel are politically charged and elicit serious political opposition. . Organizational culture Organizational culture describes the psychology, attitudes, experiences, beliefs and values (personal and cultural values) of an organization. It has been defined as â€Å"the specific collection of values and norms that are shared by people and groups in an organization and that control the way they interact with each other and with stakeholders outside t he organization. †¢ It is the set of fundamental assumptions about what products the organization should produce, how and where it should produce them, and for whom they should be produced. It is a powerful unifying force that restrains political conflict and promotes common understanding, agreement on procedures, and common practices †¢ organizational culture is a powerful restraint on change, especially technological change. Most organizations will do almost anything to avoid making changes in basic assumptions. Any technological change that threatens commonly held cultural assumptions usually meets a great deal of resistance. However, there are times when the only sensible way for a firm to move forward is to employ a new technology that directly opposes an existing organizational culture. Types of Organizational Information systems Decision making is often a manager’s most challenging role. Information systems have helped managers communicate and distribute information and provide assistance for management decision making. No single system provides all the information needed by the different organizational levels, functions and business processes. Organizations can be divided into strategic, management, and operational levels. 1. Operational-level systems support operational managers’ needs for current, accurate and easily accessible information primarily used to keep track of the elementary activities and transactions of the organization. Decision making for operational control determines how to carry out the specific tasks set forth by strategic and middle management decisions. 2. Management-level systems are designed to serve the monitoring, controlling, decision-making, and administrative activities of middle managers. Decision making for management control focuses on efficiency and effective use of resources. It requires knowledge of operational decision making and task completion. 3. Strategic- level systems help senior managers with long-range planning needed to meet changes in the external and internal business environment. Strategic decision determines the long-term objectives, resources and policies of the organization. Decisions at every level of the organization can also be classified as unstructured, structured and semi-structured. Unstructured decisions involve judgment, evaluation, and insight into the problem definition. They are novel, important, and nonroutine. †¢ Structured decisions are routine †¢ Semi-structured decisions involve cases where only part of the problem can be answered by an accepted procedure. Modern information systems have been most successful with structured, operational and management control decisions. But now most of the exciting applications are occur ring at the management knowledge and strategic levels where problems are either semi-structured or unstructured. TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEM Following are the different types on information systems that support the needs of the organization: Executive information systems (EIS), Decision support systems (DSS), Management Information Systems(MIS), and Transaction Processing Systems (TPS). A. Executive information systems (EIS) provide top management with ready access to a variety of summarized company data against a background of general information on the industry and the economy at large. ESS provides a generalized computing and communications environment for senior managers at the strategic level of the organization. Top management of any organization need to be able to track the performance of their company and of its various units, assess the opportunities and threats, and develop strategic directions for the company’s future. You read "Types of Organization" in category "Essay examples" Executive information systems have these characteristics: 1. EIS provide immediate and easy access to information reflecting the key success factors of the company and of its units. 2. User-seductive† interfaces, such as color graphics and video, allow the EIS user to grasp trends at a glance. Users’ time is at a high premium here. 3. EIS provide access to a variety of databases, both internal and external, through a uniform interface — the fact that the system consults multiple databases should be transparent to the users. 4. Both current status and proj ections should be available from EIS. It is frequently desirable to investigate different projections; in particular, planned projections may be compared with the projections derived from actual results. . An EIS should allow easy tailoring to the prefaces of the particular user or group of users (such as the chief executive’s cabinet or the corporate board). 6. EIS should offer the capability to â€Å"drill down† into the data: it should be possible to see increasingly detailed the summaries. Critical Success factors for achieving a successful EIS 1. A committed and informed executive sponsor. A top level executive, preferably the CEO, should serve as the executive sponsor of the EIS by encouraging its implementation. 2. An operating sponsor. The executive sponsor will most likely be too busy to devote much time to implementation. That task should be given to another top-level executive, such as the executive vice-president. The operating sponsor works with both the user executives and the information specialists to ensure that the work gets done. 3. Appropriate information services staff. Information specialists should be available who understand not only the information technology but also how the executive will use the system. 4. Appropriate information technology. EIS implementers should not get carried away and incorporate unnecessary hardware or software. The system must be kept as simple as possible and should give the executive exactly what him or her wants-nothing more and nothing less. 5. Data Management. It is not sufficient to simply display data or information. The executive should have some idea of how current the data is. This can be accomplished by identifying the day and ideally the time of the day the data was entered. The executive should be able to follow data analysis. . A clear link to business objectives. Most successful EISs are designed to solve specific problems or meet needs that can be addressed with information technology. 7. Management of organizational resistance. When an executive resists the EIS, efforts should be taken to gain support. A good strategy is to identify a single problem that the executive faces and then quickly implement an EIS, using prototyping to address that problem. Care must be taken to select a problem that will enable the EIS to make a good showing. . Management of the spread and evolution of the system. Experience has shown that when upper-level management begins receiving information from the EIS, lower level managers want to receive the same output. Care must be taken to add users only when they can be given the attention they need. B. Management information systems (MIS) – serve the management level of the organization, providing managers with reports and, in some cases, with online access to the organization’s current performance and historical records. Typically, they are oriented almost exclusively to internal, not environmental or external, events. MIS primarily serve the functions of planning, controlling, and decision making at the management level. Generally, they depend on underlying transaction processing systems for their data C. Decision support systems (DSS), is a type of MIS expressly developed to support the decision-making process in non-routine task. DSS assist middle managers with analytical decisions, and able to address semistructured problems drawing on both internal and external sources of data 1. It is an interactive computer-based system intended to help managers retrieve, summarize, analyze decision relevant data and make decisions. 2. DSS facilitate a dialogue between the user, who is considering alternative problem solutions, and the system, with its built-in models and access to the database. 3. DSS are interactive, and in a typical session, the manager using a DSS can evaluate a number of possible â€Å"what if† scenarios by using a model or a simulation of a real life system. Two major categories of DSS 1. Enterprise-wide DSS are linked to large, data warehouse and serve many managers in a company. Enterprise wide DSS can range from fairly simple systems to complex data intensive and analytically sophisticated executive information system. 2. Desk-top DSS such as spreadsheets, accounting and financial models can be implemented in Microsoft Excel. Another DSS tool, simulation, is usually implemented in desktop packages. D. Transaction processing systems (TPS) is the core of IT applications in business since it serves the operational level of the organization by recording the daily transactions required to conduct business. Most mission- critical information systems for both large and small organizations are essentially transaction processing systems for operational data processing that is needed, for example, to register customer orders and to produce invoices and payroll checks. This system keeps track of money paid to employees, generating employee paychecks and other reports. A symbolic representation for a payroll TPS Typical applications of TPS There are five functional categories of TPS: sales/marketing, manufacturing/production, finance/accounting, human resources, and other types of systems specific to a particular industry. Within each of these major functions are subfunctions. For each of these subfunctions (e. g. , sales management) there is a major application system. [pic] The various types of systems in the organization exchange data with one another. TPS are a major source of data for other systems, especially MIS and DSS. ESS is primarily a recipient of data from lower-level systems. Systems from a Functional Perspective There are four major functional areas in an organization: sales and marketing, manufacturing and production, finance and accounting, and human resources. . Sales and Marketing Systems The sales and marketing function is responsible for selling the organization’s product or service. Sales function is concerned with contacting customers, selling the products and services, taking orders, and following up on sales. Marketing is concerned with identifying the customers for the firm’s products or services, determining what customers need or want, planning and developing p roducts and services to meet their needs, and advertising and promoting these products and services. Sales and marketing information systems support these activities and help the firm identify customers for the firm’s products or services, develop products and services to meet customers’ needs, promote these products and services, sell the products and services, and provide ongoing customer support. Examples of Sales and Marketing information systems are Order processing, pricing Analysis and sales Trend Forecasting. 2. Manufacturing and Production Systems The manufacturing and production function is responsible for actually producing the firm’s goods and services. Manufacturing and production systems deal with the planning, development, and maintenance of production facilities; the establishment of production goals; the acquisition, storage, and availability of production materials; and the scheduling of equipment, facilities, materials, and labor required to fashion finished products. Manufacturing and production information systems support these activities, it deal with the planning, development, and production of products and services, and with controlling the flow of production. 3. Finance and Accounting Systems The finance function is responsible for managing the firm’s financial assets, such as cash, stocks, bonds, and other investments, in order to maximize the return on these financial assets. The finance function is also in charge of managing the capitalization of the firm (finding new financial assets in stocks, bonds, or other forms of debt). In order to determine whether the firm is getting the best return on its investments, the finance function must obtain a considerable amount of information from sources external to the firm. The accounting function is responsible for maintaining and managing the firm’s financial records—receipts, disbursements, depreciation, payroll—to account for the flow of funds in a firm. Finance and accounting share related problems—how to keep track of a firm’s financial assets and fund flows. They provide answers to questions such as these: What is the current inventory of financial assets? What records exist for disbursements, receipts, payroll, and other fund flows? Examples of Finance and Accounting Systems : Accounts receivable, Budgeting, Profit Planning. 4. Human Resources Systems The human resources function is responsible for attracting, developing, and maintaining the firm’s workforce. Human resources information systems support activities, such as identifying potential employees, maintaining complete records on existing employees, and creating programs to develop employees’ talents and skills Examples of Human resources information systems: training and development, compensation analysis, and Human Resources Planning. Management Challenges Businesses need different types of information systems to support decision making and work activities for various organizational levels and functions. Well-conceived systems linking the entire enterprise typically require a significant amount of organizational and management change and raise the following management challenges: 1. Integration. Although it is necessary to design different systems serving different levels and functions in the firm, more and more firms are finding advantages in integrating systems. However, integrating systems for different organizational levels and functions to freely exchange information can be technologically difficult and costly. Managers need to determine what level of system integration is required and how much it is worth in dollars. 2. Enlarging the scope of management thinking. Most managers are trained to manage a product line, a division, or an office. They are rarely trained to optimize the performance of the organization as a whole and often are not given the means to do so. But enterprise systems and industrial networks require managers to take a much larger view of their own behavior, including other products, divisions, departments, and even outside business firms. ———————- Objectives : At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: †¢ Illustrate the relationship between organizations and information systems †¢ Explain the factors mediating the relationship between organizations and information systems †¢ Discuss the different types of information systems in the organization. †¢ Explain how information supports the dif ferent levels of an organization †¢ Give examples of the information systems that are being used to support business functional areas How to cite Types of Organization, Essay examples

Ryan Walker Essay Example For Students

Ryan Walker Essay Mr. CoppolaDoctor KnowallDue 9/8/04Once outside the servants were extremely terrified of the fate whichmight be bestowed upon them. They confessed everything to Crabb down thesmallest details of the crime. Crabb was astounded that the thieves wouldsimply confess of their deeds to him, but he accepted the informationwillingly. In exchange for his cooperation the servants promised to returnthe money to the lord and give Crabb a large sum of money for hiscooperation to remain quiet about the identity of the thieves. Uponreturning to the table, Doctor Knowall pretended to have discovered whathad happened to the money. He led the noble lord to the money which waskept in a small hut outside of the village. For his great wisdom and workthe lord rewarded him with a huge sum of money. Crabb blew away all of thismoney though, feeling on top of the world with his new wealth. Hisreputation had grown greatly because he helped the lord, but he couldntkeep up with his reputation because his luck ha d run out. After hisreputation was ruined through many failed cases, Doctor Knowall and hiswife continued a life of poverty and hardship. Based on the text that we were given of Doctor Knowall, the abovepassage would be a fitting ending. The many elements in the story come fullcircle in the above ending and everything ties together. After hearing theservants confess, Crabb is confused, but accepts it any way because of thebribe the servants proposed him. Crabb desired the good things in life. When he visited the doctors house in the beginning of the story he desiredthe good food of the doctor, so the bribe was a great opportunity to getthe good things in life. When he returns to the table, Crabb tells the lordhe has figured out the elements of the robbery. The lord also gives Crabbmoney for helping him find his money. Now Crabb has a lot of money and hasgained a good reputation, as well as a big ego. Because of this many peoplebegan to come to him, requesting Doctor Knowalls help. After a while hisluckiness dried up and people began to realize that he did not really knowevery thing, he was a fake. When people began to realize this, he lost allof his business and went back to his poor peasant life. The moral of theending is to not pretend to be anything that you arent. In the end yourreal identity will come through and people will realize you are a fake andyour life will not be any different.

Beauty and the Beat essays

Beauty and the Beat essays Beauty and the Beat; Comparing Mya Harrison and Carl Thomas The truth is out. We listen to Rll be taking over airwaves this summer. She is a 21 year old, grown diva-to-be, a classically trained dancer from DC and more of a woman than you think. He is a twenty something new jack crooner from Chi-Town, enjoying his first major success with a wrenching forget-me-not love song. Their personalities could not be more different. He talks loud with his hand gesturing wildly as to illustrate every syllable. She whispers, rarely making eye contact. He is annoyingly optimistic. She is maddeningly soft-spoken. He is flirtatious but not necessarily sexy. She is sexy but not forward. But there is a common thread here: Mya Harrison and Carl Thomas are dropping two of the hottest R Imagine loving someone so strong, that, years after realizing youll never be together, you still find yourself daydreaming about what should have been. Carl Thomass runaway hit single, I Wish, is a melancholy message based on a true story. But even if you can relate, there is some old school-depth in Carls Las Vegas-lounge act delivery. When he wails that line about wishing he had never met her, you understand him. His voice is not Luther Vandross- Flawless, and he has not reinvented the wheel when it comes to lyrics, yet that single word has the world open for Emotional, his debut album. And if his goal is to capture a moment he has done it with I Wish. When it comes to a record that defines a season and instantly bring back a poignant ...

Free Essays on Domestic Violence and How it is Seen as a Precursor to Homelessness in Women

â€Å" Domestic Violence and how it is seen as a Precursor to Homelessness in Women† â€Å"As soon as we moved into this house, you think you can have your way†¦ You are my wife and I tell you what you can do and what you can’t do.† This kind of statement is typical of what a battered woman knows to be the only truth in her household. Domestic violence is greatly on the rise and is one of the leading causes of homelessness among women in today’s society. Rather than approach domestic violence as a direct â€Å"cause† of homelessness, one might hope to understand how such violence could help create the circumstances that might particularly make a woman more susceptible to homelessness. Domestic violence and poverty may intersect with other issues to produce the circumstances that often leave women no other choice but to seek temporary shelter for the short-term, and therefore remain precariously housed. Homelessness is defined as a person who lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate night time residence, and has a primary night time residence that is: A) Supervised publicly or privately operated shelter designed to provide temporary living accommodations. B) An institution that provides temporary residence for individuals intended to be institutionalized C) A public or private place not designed for, or ordinarily used as a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings. (Stewart B. McKinney Act, 42 U.S.C.; 11301, et seq. (1994). According to the McKinney Act (1994), this definition usually includes those people who face imminent eviction form their current form of shelter. Domestic violence, or battering, is the establishment of control and fear in a relationship through violence and other forms of abuse. The batterer uses acts of violence and a series of behaviors, including intimidation, threats, psychological abuse, and isolation to coerce and control the other person. (Somers, 1992). When most women are in ... Free Essays on Domestic Violence and How it is Seen as a Precursor to Homelessness in Women Free Essays on Domestic Violence and How it is Seen as a Precursor to Homelessness in Women â€Å" Domestic Violence and how it is seen as a Precursor to Homelessness in Women† â€Å"As soon as we moved into this house, you think you can have your way†¦ You are my wife and I tell you what you can do and what you can’t do.† This kind of statement is typical of what a battered woman knows to be the only truth in her household. Domestic violence is greatly on the rise and is one of the leading causes of homelessness among women in today’s society. Rather than approach domestic violence as a direct â€Å"cause† of homelessness, one might hope to understand how such violence could help create the circumstances that might particularly make a woman more susceptible to homelessness. Domestic violence and poverty may intersect with other issues to produce the circumstances that often leave women no other choice but to seek temporary shelter for the short-term, and therefore remain precariously housed. Homelessness is defined as a person who lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate night time residence, and has a primary night time residence that is: A) Supervised publicly or privately operated shelter designed to provide temporary living accommodations. B) An institution that provides temporary residence for individuals intended to be institutionalized C) A public or private place not designed for, or ordinarily used as a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings. (Stewart B. McKinney Act, 42 U.S.C.; 11301, et seq. (1994). According to the McKinney Act (1994), this definition usually includes those people who face imminent eviction form their current form of shelter. Domestic violence, or battering, is the establishment of control and fear in a relationship through violence and other forms of abuse. The batterer uses acts of violence and a series of behaviors, including intimidation, threats, psychological abuse, and isolation to coerce and control the other person. (Somers, 1992). When most women are in ...

Support of President Obama's Jobs Bill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Support of President Obama's Jobs Bill - Essay Example While touring the nation in the recent weeks, President Obama had repeatedly demanded that Congress passing the bill intact; thus, the Senate’s vote to impede the measure signified a serious setback and occurred after leaders of his own party had modified the measure to comprise surtax on revenue of not less than $1 million to summarize additional Democratic votes. Following this setback, the president condemned the Republicans fro shying away from a measure, which entailed ideas they had previously supported (DeMint 65). In a statement before the vote, the president told the Senate that the vote did not signify the end of this fight since days were coming when members of Congress will be required to take a stand about the bill after carefully analyzing the benefits it brings especially to those who are poorly paid like teachers, policemen and firefighters (DeMint 46). According to Senate Democratic aides, votes on parts of the bill could start this month, or even as early as next week; with party leaders saying that they required to consult their conclave before deciding on the timing or choosing the conditions to be reflected on separately (DeMint 38). There were a number of Democratic senators who asserted they might connect with a few Republicans in looking for job-creation proposals, which might achieve bipartisan support; this is an alarming contest in a chamber whereby comity appears to worsen weekly. On the other hand, House Republican leaders have asserted that they have no intentions of taking the president’s bill in its entirety; rather, they accept the sign from the White House, which indicates that the administration might be ready for a piecemeal effort (Kent). Eric Cantor, who is the House majority leader, as well as the Republican of Virginia, alleged that he was hoping that the president would dismiss his all-or-nothing methodology and start working with the Congress on issues of commonality, comprising of initiatives, which could uphold hiring along with economic growth. Mr. Cantor added, â€Å"We are willing to take up the things we can agree on.† This job’s bill is a combination of public works expending, as well as temporary tax cuts, whose intention are to counter what Mr. Obama refers to as an economic disaster and an emergency. Senate Democrats attempted to make the president’s bill more acceptable by attaching a surtax of 5.6 percent, beginning in 2013, on revenue in surplus of $1 million. As the Senate headed for the vote, Mr. Reid was overheard making allegations that Republicans were in opposition of the president’s jobs bill due to political reasons since they desired for the economy to continue being in poor shape. Mr. Reid claimed that Republicans thought that if the economy gets better, then this might assist President Obama, and that is why they campaign for the economy to fail by opposing every effort of improving it (DeMint 30). Mitch McConnell of Kentucky, who i s the Senate Republican leader, replied in saying that Democrats had prepared this bill for failure, hoping that anyone voting against it will be perceived as a bad person; and that the exercise in its entirety is only a charade, which is meant to offer Democrats with a political edge in the forthcoming

Outputs of Nadler-Tushman Model Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Outputs of Nadler-Tushman Model - Research Paper Example The research paper "Outputs of Nadler-Tushman Model" overviews the various outputs of organizations and the ways in which they interact cohesively, in an endeavor to realize the firms’ set objectives. The outputs of an organization fall under three key categories. These include the individual, group and organizational stages. Nadler-Tushman’s theory highlights the process in which various firms acquire and utilize inputs into various outputs. This is usually through a transformation process that serves as an intermediary between inputs and outputs. Besides, the outputs may also fall under the classifications of the work, the people, and the official and informal organizations. In addition, various firms may measure their output, and assess whether the firm is performing and achieving its set goals. As such, the firm knows its economic position and makes resolutions whether to implement change in various non-performing departments. Outputs may also pertain to the mode in which a firm creates products and services, and the efficiency of a firm’s productivity, in their endeavor to accrue revenue. According to Nadler and Tushman, all inputs ought to be applied cohesively, in order for them to change into outputs. Various factors may affect the output of an organization at the individual level. These may include the non-commitment of various individuals within the firm. For example, some individuals may feel unmotivated, and thereby behave in a way that drastically affects the performance and effectiveness of a firm. (Burke, 2010). This is usually through tardiness, non-attendance, among others that lead to low production output of the firm (Stonehouse & Campbell, 2004). As a result, firms ought to mull over ways that inspire workers, in an attempt to boost their ultimate performance. Besides, some non-performing employees ought to be laid aside, whereas the performing employees ought to receive recognition, in order to enhance their efficiency and productivity. Besides, interactions among diverse groups within a firm have a significant effect on the firm’s objective attainment (Stonehouse & Campbell, 2004). Various firms have experienced intergroup conflicts that have led to severe losses within the organizations (Burke, 2010). This might have resulted from uneven distribution of resources within the firm, and failure of management to recognize the performing departments within the organ

Ritz-Carlton Hotel Organisation Culture

Ritz-Carlton Hotel Organisation Culture Introduction The ability to establish a culture that invokes high value for the people working in an organization invokes intrinsic sense of identity, innovativeness, creativity and commitment that forms the main recipe for ultimate sustainability of services and profitability. Organizations leaders and scholars concur that people are the most important elements in an organization because they not only articulate the established policies but innovatively contribute to their holistic improvements through sustained experiences. This paper provides an in-depth evaluation of The Ritz-Carlton hotel culture, challenges in changing it and key lessons that can be learned by other organizations. i) Harrison-Handy model of organization culture Though scholars appear divided over the actual definition of the term ‘organization culture, they tend to agree that all organizations create unique operating systems that fit with their internal capacities and guided towards their objectives. The Ritz-Carlton organization culture can best be described through two subunits of the Harrison-Handy model. To begin with Mullin (2008, p. 21) explains that power culture reflects centrality of authority in a highly bureaucratic outline where orders define the expected targets based on the organization objectivity. On the other hand, the role culture creates a set of rules and guidelines that do not give employees the needed room for contributing to the management. Therefore, role and power culture as Aitken and Higgs (2010, pp. 109-111) concur with Campbell and Craig (2005, 491-493) provide a highly rigid mode of operation that obscures innovation while establishing barrier between the top management and junior staff. ii) Master servant orientation The Ritz- Carlton Hotel depicts a culture strongly based on master servant relationship where employees are expected to strictly follow the established code of conduct for the hotels. While expounding on Harrison-Handy model, Laurie (2007, p. 66) explains that though its application may be employed to create a less authoritative tone, the resulting cultural impacts remain unchanged. The notion of ‘ladies and gentlemen serving ladies and gentlemen is a working slogan but a principle that employees cannot fully associate with. The establishment of ‘very precise standards for treating consumers makes the employees a form of puppet that must follow specific values and guidelines without deviating from them. Owing to the long period of success, the management in the hotel has solidified strict demand for personal traits that one should have for success in such an industry. The code of behavior in the hotel is well written down and managers take no chance in enforcing it (case) . For instance, the smile is expected to come naturally (case). iii) Discourages individual innovations and creativity The Ritz- Carlton Hotels culture not only lacks the necessary room for innovation and creativity but strongly discourages their application. The aforementioned master servant relationship creates the view of inferiority to the employees; a consideration that largely discourages their voluntary input outside the management demands. The established values that have culminated to scripting expected behavior in the hotel, limits employees from introducing new concepts, ideologies or comparative connotations for improvements. Though the management has established a rewarding system, it might not invoke the necessary innovation due to lack of enough democratic space for them. As Harrison-Handy model of organization culture postulates, going against the established guidelines is often interpreted by the middle level managers to be a threat to them and therefore often scattered before considering it for implementation (Mullin, 2008, pp. 36-37). The managers in the hotel take nothing to chanc e and therefore emphasize on a fifteen minutes daily reminder of the expected code of conduct by the employees. iv) Reduced capacity to initiate and propel change. According to Mullin (2008, p. 31), organizations should embrace change that facilitates adoption of new management outsets to gather a competitive advantage over others and derive the expected sustainability. The Ritz-Carlton Hotel has maintained the key management and operation values that founders laid about a century ago (case). Though the hotel has been doing well, assimilation of change could have raised its current profitability to higher levels. Power culture in the Harrison-Handy model as William (2009, p. 541) indicates, fails to invoke the criticality of extended reference for change agents. As a result, the management becomes the sole source of visionary focus which reduces the overall ability to improve change strategies and creating identity with new propositions for all. It is from this consideration that the proposed changes in the year 2006 were seen to be a major deviation from the normal non-responsive operation mechanism in the hotel (case). a) Why do you think this type of culture might be important to a luxury hotel? Hospitality industry as Severt and Curtis (2008, pp. 121-122) explain, remains one of the most sensitive sectors and therefore demands greater care with critical assessments to beat the high competition. The Ritz- Carlton Hotels culture is therefore critical in a luxury hotel because it invokes better monitored coordination and maintenance of consistency in services delivery. By articulating strict rules and regulations that are unit-lined to customers satisfaction, luxury hotel is able to guarantee consumers the needed high quality services. Unlike in other sectors such as education, Severt and Curtis (2008, p. 125) add that hospitality industry require the luxury assurance taken to an even higher level. Creating a strong central authority in the hospitality industry forms particularistic trends in the management and therefore avoiding the uncertainties brought about by change application. Though change articulation in an organization is projected towards improvement, Sinha (2008, p. 63) concurs with Chenhall and Euske (2007, p. 634) conclusion that its articulation may culminate to key discontinuities in services delivery. Indeed, to inculcate new ideologies, it may require an external change agent, additional costs and assimilation of new code of conduct which may take time before being fully assimilated. Owing to the high sensitivity of hospitality industry, maintaining the power and role based culture reduces the possibility of creating many centers of authority experienced in other cultures. As a result, luxury hotels are able to maintain a highly responsive system to satisfy their clients and therefore sustain their repute and profitability. b) What might be the drawbacks of such a culture? Though the culture of power and role appear to work in luxury industry, it lacks the needed force for improvement. Most employees are enclosed in the roles procedures and within the established authority that suppress their personal contribution. The culture therefore lacks the needed checks that come inform of propositions for improvement either through comparison or visionary considerations. As Aitken and Higgs (2010, pp. 116-117) indicate, the culture lacks whole commitment of the employees since they do not identify with the authority, the institution or the rules laid for them. As a result, people under such cultures mostly act under pretense and therefore do not have the needed goodwill for the company. In such situations, Campbell and Craig (2005, p. 497) explain that they mostly contemplate shifting to other related occupations that appreciate them. In power and role based culture, one evident problem is that people do not exploit their full potential. The Ritz- Carlton Hotels management has maintained a scripted behavioral conduct that is often reminded to the employees every day (case). The emphasis of such orientation creates the sense that the advocated methods are the best and therefore achieved results could not have been any better. Campbell and Craig (2005, p. 490) argue that this culture is a key recipe for direct and indirect resistance by people in the organization. Though they might not directly indicate it due to fear of punitive measures, occurrence of trigger factors may be catastrophic. Particularly, simple conflicts may easily provide an outlet to the accumulated dissatisfaction; a consideration that could easily result to negative publicity and reduction in the overall profits. a) Challenges in implementing the cultural change Following a long time application of power and rule model in the company, the new culture might have encountered strong resistance to change. According to Kurt Lewins theory of organization change management, the freezing of the existing systems presents the existing managers authorities with a sense of loss as more autonomy is given to the lower level employees (Sinha, 2008, pp. 69-70). To the middle level managers, they resist this change to safeguard their roles (foreseeing application of the rules and supervising scripted behavior) because employees would have greater link with the top management while behavioral outsets would not require supervision. To articulate the new model of management at The Ritz- Carlton Hotels, the employees lacked the needed skills to implement the needed changes. Owing to the long time application of the old power and role model, many employees might have lacked the expected expanded view in relation to the new autonomy. According to contingency theory, the internal and external environment interacts to derive the needed focus for higher profitability (Laurie, 2007, pp. 36-37). However, most employees in the hotel might have coiled and stuck to the old methods not due to resistance, but due to lack of immediate alternatives after being in a closed model for along time. Unlike the old well scripted behavioral expectations, the new culture was hard coordinate and monitor at the beginning due to the high autonomy exercised by the people. According to Chenhall and Euske (2007, pp. 625-626), transformational leadership requires constant link and communication between the management and junior staff to maintain the needed bonding for greater cohesion. However, these bonds are built on trust, commitment and rewards in a system. Taking into consideration that this structure takes a lot of time to establish, changing the culture might have experienced partial discontinuity as teams and their operations, new reward schemes and communication modes were established. b) Maintaining the new culture In his view, William (2009, p. 537-539) explains that though changing an organization culture is the harder part of assimilating a new culture, its maintenance is very critical in that it determines the holistic sustainability of the company. The Ritz-Carlton Hotel maintained the better elements of the old system such as a happy guest driven by the services provided. As a result, the hotel was able to articulate the changes without negatively affecting the services provided to the consumers. In addition to that, the company increased the employees decision making autonomy and therefore encouraged naturally relaxed and innovative interaction with clients. According to transformation leadership theories, this autonomy and attachment to the management and operating system creates the needed identity for all; a consideration that invokes high creativity (Mullin, 2008, pp. 58-59). According to Robert Maslows theory of motivation, people will always struggle to get to the next higher level in the hierarchy of needs and ultimately, to self actualization (Gomez-Mejia, David and Robert, 2008, p. 88). The Ritz-Carlton Hotel therefore created this upward shift by articulating a highly motivating environment for employees. According to Carmine (2008) the management has solidified the employees involvement in decision making and therefore creating the sense of stability and satisfaction to them. As a result, customer satisfaction becomes easy to link with higher sustainability of the monetary and other benefits that employees derive from the system. One common aspect evident with new cultures that are people oriented is consideration for continued improvement. The Ritz-Carlton Hotel conducts frequent trainings to its employees to enrich their skills by creating new insights that are critical in maintaining high quality services to clients. According to American management Association (2008), The Ritz-Carlton Hotels management seeks highly experienced coaches and trainers in hospitality industry to impact new skills and therefore raisin the employees ability to make correct decisions in their duties. The case of The Ritz-Carlton Hotel brings out the critical role played by an organization culture in defining and guiding its overall operations for sustaining of its profits. Employees were brought out to be a key element when defining the culture of an organization and must be involved at all levels. Though the power and role cultures saw the company reap high profits, it was a major obstacle towards achievement higher level customer satisfaction and profitability. Employees could not go beyond the scripted behavioral demands. The Ritz-Carlton Hotels case further brings out the need for continued improvement in an organization as a critical cultural facet towards remaining relevant and therefore ahead of other competitors. Through cooperation of employees and management it is possible to maintain high level services for the clients. When employees get the sense that their management has bestowed high trust on them, they take greater responsibility oriented towards surpassing the set goals in a companys objectives. From the case, The Ritz-Carlton Hotel services remained unchanged even after withdrawing the highly authoritative culture. In any change articulation, organizations must recognize that there will always be some resistance and therefore must be effectively prepared to counter it. To concur with Severt and Curtis (2008, pp. 121-123) view, it is critical that organizations facilitate the change orientation in a manner that brings all the people aboard and therefore creating a highly acceptable final product. In a freezing-refreezing model, organizations must create the roadmap largely based on communication that facilitates addressing inherent concerns. Besides, organizations must take change to be a process and therefore expect it to take time before the actual results are identified. Though changing the culture is the ultimate choice, organizations must seek to incorporate the necessary ideals while creating a room for later improvement. The assimilated change model must be able to place the organization in a mobile note where both the employees and the management do not view the achievement of the positive results to be the end, but establish considerations to take the achievements step higher. Through professional training, teamwork and comparative orientations, organizations can be able to remain highly competitive and thereby maintaining high profitability. Conclusion From the above conclusion, this paper concludes by supporting the thesis statement, ‘the ability to establish a culture that invokes high value for the people working in an organization invokes intrinsic sense of identity, innovativeness, creativity and commitment that forms the main recipe for ultimate sustainability of services and profitability. It came out from the discussion that though The Ritz-Carlton Hotel had high returns, its power and role culture poorly invoked innovativeness and creativity. By effectively addressing the challenges evidenced by change application, The Ritz-Carlton Hotel was able to achieve the same results it achieved previously. Organizations seeking to change their cultures should therefore seek to incorporate peoples contribution to create the sense of continued improvement and thereby raise their profitability and sustainability.

Liability of Vessels for Collisions Caused at Sea: Case Study Essay

In the given case study a dispute will arise between the four parties to determine the liability of each vessel for multiple collisions caused at sea. In summary, the facts are that the Flipper was crossing the Britannia Straits traffic separation scheme but was not making proper use of the crossing points. The Willie, a bulk oil carrier which was adhering to the scheme, spotted the Flipper and foresaw the risk of collision so the captain issued a series of warnings. The Flipper ignored these warnings thinking she had enough time to pass. The Willie, realising she was being ignored made a turn for starboard creating a wash which capsized the Flipper and a nearby yacht. Moments later the Orca, which was insufficiently crewed and had faulty navigation equipment collided with the semi-submerged Flipper. The captain of the Orca refused salvage assistance thinking he could return the ship to the port for repairs himself. However, the vessel sunk before it could reach safety. In this essay I am going to advise all four parties as to their likely liability for the collision and the defences and counter claims available. In doing this I will make reference to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 (hereafter referred to as the collision regulations) and the common and statute law regarding causation. By advising the parties according to these legal instruments they can determine their likely liability in court. I will start by establishing which vessels caused the collisions. It should be noted that although it was the misconduct of the crew members that led to the collision, the ship owner will still be held vicariously liable unless he can prove the acts of the crew constituted a ‘frolic of their own’, s... ... from its collision with the Flipper was still the operating cause of the sinking therefore the Flipper and the Willie must also bear some liability. In conclusion it is likely that the courts will apportion liability as such; the Flipper and the Willie will be found 80% and 20% liable respectively. However, if it is proved that the Willie acted on scanty radar information in breach of regulation 7(c) then the likely apportionment will be 50/50 as both vessels would equally be responsible for the collision. This is liability for damage caused to the Flipper, the Willie and the private yacht. The owners of the Orca are likely to take the bulk of responsibility for their own collision as the acts of the other vessels are far too remote for them to assume responsibility, liability is likely to be apportioned at 90% to the Orca and 10% between the Flipper and Willie.

Corruption of Power †Macbeth Essay

Shakespeare’s bloody and tragic play Macbeth, written in the seventeenth century, portrays blind ambition, appearances can be deceiving and corruption of power. It follows the reasons behind Macbeth’s downfall. The play analyzes how other outside forces can easily change the path of ones desires and decisions. The witches’ intrusion, Lady Macbeth’s manipulation and Macbeth’s dark desires all interfere and manipulate Macbeth’s decisions. He goes from being praised as a noble soldier to a traitor and corrupt king. In the play, Macbeth commits many terrible crimes; however he is solely not responsible for all of them. The outside factors manipulate his decisions and are responsible for his downfall at the end. To begin, the witches’ manipulate Macbeth early in the play by strongly influencing his decisions. The witches scheme to tell Macbeth his fate after a battle has is lost and won. While traveling to King Duncan’s castle Macbeth and Banquo stumble upon the three witches. The first witch greets Macbeth with his current title as the Thane of Glamis, the second witch greets Macbeth as the Thane of Cawdor, and the last witch greets Macbeth as, â€Å"All hail Macbeth that shalt be king hereafter† (1. ii. 53). The greetings are prophecies that plant a negative seed of blind ambition in Macbeth’s thoughts and the predictions are an approach on the witches’ behalf to establish trust. Soon after the witches’ disappear, two Scottish Nobles – Angus and Ross – inform Macbeth of his new title as the Thane of Cawdor in addition to his current title as Thane of Glamis. The news makes Macbeth hopeful and invokes blind ambition, that he may become king. The prediction may come true easily as the Thane of Cawdor title did without causing harm to anyone. Once Macbeth actually becomes King, the pressure and guilt of his actions start to build. He starts to worry and is insecure about his throne because the witches also predict that Banquo’s descendants will become king. He decides to persuade two murders to commit the monstrous crime of murdering his good friend. Macbeth intends to murder Banquo and his son Fleance, because they pose a great threat to his crown. After Macbeth is successful in persuading the two murders he orders the two murders, â€Å"to leave no rubs nor botches in the work/ Fleance, his son, that keeps him company,/ Whose absence is no less material to me† (3. . 153-155). Macbeth shows fear toward the prediction the witches foretold Banquo and this pushes him to murder once again. Moreover, the prediction was not meant directly at Banquo but for his descendants to rule Scotland as future kings. Macbeth does not want this because he desires his own descendents to become future kings. Banquo, and his son Fleance are a mere obstacle that need removing and Macbeth shows no concern or remorse in his decision to murder his dear companion Banquo and his son. Later, Macbeth receives news about Banquo’s death and Fleance’s escape is relief however, it is short lived when Macbeth starts to see the ghost of Banquo. Macbeth is horrified and scared which leads him to the decision of visiting the three witches for answers. Macbeth is feeling insecure and fears Fleance returning and taking the throne away from him. There in a cave, the witches call upon their masters, the three apparitions to answer Macbeth’s request for information. The first apparition, an armed head, informs Macbeth to beware of Macduff. The second apparition, a bloody child, advises Macbeth to be secure and not worry, because any man born from a woman can not hurt Macbeth. Macbeth laughs at this apparition’s prediction because every man is born from a woman and the second apparition’s prediction gives him more confidence and arrogance. Last of all, the final apparition, a crowned child with a tree in its hand, tells Macbeth to be proud and not fearful because he cannot be vanquished â€Å"until/ Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill/ Shall come against him† (4. i. 106-107). Macbeth is delighted to hear this prediction from the third apparition because he knows trees can not move and this information gives Macbeth the confidence he was seeking for in order to feel secure about his position and his throne can not be taken away. He feels as if no one can harm him. Although the apparitions are correct, the witches have twisted the truth for Macbeth to feel invincible and confident on the decisions he is making to cause him harm in the near future. Secondly, Lady Macbeth’s blind ambition and false appearance take part in further altering Macbeth’s decisions. Lady Macbeth reads Macbeth’s letter and she immediately starts to plot King Duncan’s murder so the witches’ prophecies can her husbands desires can become true. She knows Macbeth is, â€Å"too full o’ th’ milk of human kindness/†¦ That wouldst thou holily; wouldst not play false/ And yet wouldst wrongly win† (1. V. 17-23). Lady is aware her husband Macbeth is too noble and innocent to hurt an individual for his own personal gain. She knows she will have to persuade Macbeth to murder Duncan in order for him to become king. Later, during the congratulatory dinner, Lady Macbeth convinces a hesitant Macbeth to execute Duncan. At first, Macbeth is hesitant because he thinks he is double crossing trust with the king, he is his kinsman, and tonight Duncan is his guest. Moreover, Duncan has done no wrong to deserve death. Macbeth confesses to Lady Macbeth he can not murder Duncan however, Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"Art thou afeard/†¦Wouldst thou have that/ Which thou esteem’st the ornament of life/And live a coward in thine own esteem† (1. vii. 43-47). Lady Macbeth is challenging his manhood by calling him a coward. She is manipulating Macbeth by playing with his insecurities and leaving him confused and in a vulnerable state. Lady Macbeth takes advantage of the moment and convinces Macbeth to murder Duncan to prove he is a man and worthy of his manhood. As the dinner goes on, Lady Macbeth keeps up a perfect facade of an innocent, gentle host dressed in white gown. However, she is deceiving everybody because as the guards drink and party the night away she laces their drinks to knock them. Therefore, later the blame of Duncan’s murder can be put on their heads. After midnight, Macbeth murders Duncan and he is mortified and paranoid. Macbeth is disgusted at himself however, Lady Macbeth convinces him â€Å"My hands are of your color, but I shame/ To wear a heart so white/†¦ A little water clears us of this deed† (2. ii. 83-87). She manipulates Macbeth in thinking the murder of Duncan is just a step to complete his desires. She completes the murder and helps Macbeth wash his hands as well as hers. She reassures him they will not be caught because she cleverly drugged and put the bloody draggers in the guard’s hands. In addition, explains their cover story as being asleep while this dreadful deed took place. Moreover, Lady Macbeth uses her blind ambition and false appearance to manipulate Macbeth’s decisions and deceive the individuals around them to achieve Macbeth’s desires and complete the witches’ prophecies. Thirdly, Macbeth’s dark desires start to transform Macbeth from a noble soldier to a tyrant and a corrupt king as a result, of the manipulation from the witches’ and blind ambition from his wife – Lady Macbeth. At the beginning of the play Macbeth is praised for successfully vanquishing the enemy and his army alongside his loyal companion and solider, Banquo. After the battle, King Duncan praises Macbeth as, â€Å"O valiant cousin, worthy gentleman† (1. ii. 26). The praise gives Macbeth great respect and honour because ‘cousin’ is referred to an individual who is highly trusted and respected. Macbeth is praised because of his respectful deeds of protecting the king and eliminating the enemy threat. The good words Duncan says to Macbeth honour him in a positive way. However, soon after the witches tell Macbeth the prophecies; the second prophecy becomes true and he is awarded the tile of Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth travels to King Duncan’s castle to let him know of his appreciation towards the kind gesture. However, at the castle Macbeth’s desires start to change. Duncan announces his eldest son, Malcolm, will be the heir to the throne after his passing away. Macbeth says in an aside, â€Å"Stars, hide your fires; / Let not light see black and deep desires† (1. iv. 57-58). The seed that the witches’ are responsible for planting inside of Macbeth’s noble thoughts earlier starts to evolve into less noble thoughts of becoming king. Now Macbeth is starting to feel jealous towards Malcolm. He tries to convince himself that such negative thoughts are not good and should not remain in his mind any further. Moreover, Macbeth is scared and hopes no one is aware of his negative thoughts towards Malcolm. Moreover, Macbeth now carries the burdens of two murders; of King Duncan, and his good friend Banquo. However, he starts to feels insecure once again due to the apparition’s prediction of being aware of Macduff. Macbeth states, â€Å"From this moment/ The very firstlings of my heart shall be/ The firstlings of my hand† (4. . 166-168), and orders in a rushed decision to execute every living soul in Macduff’s castle so he can sleep better at night. The irrational order to slaughter innocent people in Macduff’s castle proves how Macbeth is abusing his power of king. Macbeth is punishing Macduff’s innocent family for Macduff’s treason. However, Macduff’s family is not even aware of Macduff’s decisions and treason. Macbeth s ays he does not care what he does or how it will affect the others around him as long as it will help him sleep better at night. This proves Macbeth is no longer noble but a tyrant and corrupt king. Furthermore, the changes Macbeth undergoes, from a noble solider to a tyrant and corrupt king occur due to his dark desires; his decisions were affected by the witches’ manipulation and by his wife, Lady Macbeth’s blind ambition. To conclude, Macbeth is not responsible for all his terrible crimes he commits throughout the play. The witches’ manipulation, his wife – Lady Macbeth’s blind ambition and Macbeth’s desires hinder with noble Macbeth’s decisions and cause him to become Tyrant and Black Macbeth. At the beginning of the play he is the great and noble solider praised by King Duncan, but later transforms to a psychotic and corrupt king. He killed innocent people to get to his position as king and to further secure it. Furthermore, Shakespeare portrays in his play Macbeth, blind ambition, appearances can be deceiving and corruption of power and how they can be outside forces contributing to one’s downfall. In Macbeth’s case, outside forces influence his decisions and ultimately lead to his destruction.

Line Item Veto and Why Presidents Still Cannot Do It

In the United States government, the line-item veto is the right of the chief executive to nullify or cancel individual provisions bills—usually budget appropriations bills—without vetoing the entire bill. Like regular vetoes, line-item vetoes are usually subject to the possibility of being overridden by the legislative body. While many state governors have line-item veto power, the President of the United States does not. The line item veto is exactly what you might do when your grocery tab runs to $20.00, but you only have $15.00 on you. Instead of adding to your total debt by paying with a credit card, you put back $5.00 worth of items you don’t really need. The line item veto — the power to not buy unneeded items — is a power U.S. presidents have long wanted but have just as long been denied. The line-item veto, sometimes called the partial veto, is a type of veto that would give the President of the United States the power to cancel an individual provision or provisions - line-items - in spending, or appropriations bills, without vetoing the entire bill. Like traditional presidential vetoes, a line-item veto could be overridden by Congress. Line Item Veto Pros and Cons Proponents of the line-item veto argue that it would allow the president to cut wasteful pork barrel or earmark spending from the federal budget.Opponents argue that it would continue a trend of increasing the power of the executive branch of government at the expense of the legislative branch. Opponents also argue, and the Supreme Court has agreed, that the line-item veto is unconstitutional. In addition, they say it would not reduce wasteful spending and could even make it worse. History of the Line-Item Veto Virtually every president since Ulysses S. Grant has asked Congress for line-veto power. President Clinton actually got but did not keep it long.On April 9, 1996, former President Bill Clinton signed the 1996 Line Item Veto Act, which had been championed through Congress by Senators Bob Dole (R-Kansas), and John McCain (R-Arizona), with the support of several Democrats. On August 11, 1997, President Clinton used the line-item veto for the first time to cut three measures from an expansive spending and taxation bill. At the bills signing ceremony, Clinton declared the selective veto a cost-cutting breakthrough and a victory over Washington lobbyists and special interest groups. From now on, presidents will be able to say no to wasteful spending or tax loopholes, even as they say yes to vital legislation, said President Clinton. But, from now on wasnt for long at all. Clinton used the line-item veto two more times in 1997, cutting one measure from the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 and two provisions of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997. Almost immediately, groups aggrieved by the action, including the City of New York, challenged the line-item veto law in court. On February 12, 1998, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia declared the 1996 Line Item Veto Act unconstitutional, and the Clinton administration appealed the decision to the Supreme Court. In a 6-3 ruling issued on June 25, 1998, the Supreme Court, in the case of Clinton v. City of New York upheld the District Courts decision, overturning the 1996 Line Item Veto Act as a violation of the Presentment Clause, (Article I, Section 7), of the U.S. Constitution. By the time the Supreme Court took the power away from him, President Clinton has used the line-item veto to cut 82 items from 11 spending bills. While Congress overrode 38 of Clintons line-item vetoes, the Congressional Budget Office estimated the 44 line-item vetoes that stood saved the government almost $2 billion. Why is the Line-Item Veto Unconstitutional? The Constitutions Presentment Clause cited by the Supreme Court spells out the basic legislative process by declaring that any bill, before being presented to the president for his or her signature, must have been passed by both the Senate and the House. In using the line-item veto to delete individual measures, the president is actually amending bills, a legislative power granted exclusively to Congress by the Constitution. In the courts majority opinion, Justice John Paul Stevens wrote: there is no provision in the Constitution that authorizes the president to enact, to amend or to repeal statutes. The court also held that the line-item veto violated the principles of the separation of powers between the legislative, executive and judicial branches of the federal government. In his concurring opinion, Justice Anthony M. Kennedy wrote that the undeniable effects of the line-item veto were to enhance the Presidents power to reward one group and punish another, to help one set of taxpayers and hurt another, to favor one State and ignore another. Congressmen and Senators Object to Line-Item Veto Historically, most members of the U.S. Congress have opposed a constitutional amendment granting the president a permanent line-item veto. Lawmakers rightfully fear the power would enable the president to veto their earmark or â€Å"pork barrel† projects they have traditionally added to the appropriations bills of the annual federal budget. In this manner, the president could use the line-item veto to punish members of Congress who have opposed his or her policy, thus bypassing the separation of powers between the Executive and Legislative branches of the federal government.